在CentOS 7中配置LEMP開發環境全記錄

本文記錄如何在已啓用SELinux、Firewalld防火牆的CentOS 7系統中安裝、配置 LEMP (Nginx、MySQL、PHP)套件。

本人寫了一些Shell腳本用以實現操作的自動化，項目代碼託管在GitLab。已實現系統初始化，Nginx、MySQL的腳本化操作，但PHP暫時仍需要手動安裝。

通常如果SELinux設爲enabled，會導致Nginx、MySQL無法正常使用，本人已在Shell腳本中處理好相關問題。

注意：如果是普通用戶，則須通過sudo執行相關命令。

概要

VPS主機外網地址 104.236.100.67

版本信息

Info	Details
OS Version	`CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core)`
Kernel Version	`3.10.0-693.21.1.el7.x86_64`
PHP	`7.2.4`
Nginx	`1.14.0`
MySQL	`5.7.22`

配置文件默認安裝路徑

Software	Configuration Files
PHP	`/etc/php.ini`, `/etc/php.d/`
PHP-FPM	`/etc/php-fpm.conf`, `/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf`
Nginx	`/etc/nginx/nginx.conf`, `/etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf`
MySQL	`/etc/my.cnf`, `/etc/my.cnf.d`, `~/.my.cnf`

版本檢查

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# - nginx
sudo nginx -V 2>&1 | awk -v FS='/' '{print $NF;exit}'
sudo nginx -V 2>&1 | sed -r -n '1 [email protected]*/(.*)@\[email protected]'
# For Bash 4+  2>&1 | == |&

# - mysql
mysql -V | sed -r -n '[email protected]*Distrib (.*),.*@\[email protected]'

# - php
php -v 2> /dev/null | awk '{print $2;exit}'

配置文件路徑檢查

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# - nginx
sudo nginx -V 2>&1 | sed -r -n '[email protected]*conf-path=(.*) --error.*@\[email protected]'

# - mysql
mysql --help | awk '$0~/Default options/{getline;print}'
mysqladmin --help | awk '$0~/Default options/{getline;print}'

# - php
php -i 2> /dev/null | awk '$0~/^Loaded Configuration File/{print $NF}'

系統初始化

系統初始化操作通過Shell腳本實現，代碼託管在GitLab，通過如下命令執行

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# curl -fsL / wget -qO-

# if need help info, specify '-h'
wget -qO- https://gitlab.com/MaxdSre/axd-ShellScript/raw/master/assets/gnulinux/gnuLinuxPostInstallationConfiguration.sh | sudo bash -s --

通過指令-Z設置SELinux的類型(permissive/enforcing/disabled)，默認啓用Firewalld防火牆並開放SSH端口。

系統初始化後SELinux和Firewalld防火牆的狀態

SELinux status

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# sestatus
SELinux status:                 enabled
SELinuxfs mount:                /sys/fs/selinux
SELinux root directory:         /etc/selinux
Loaded policy name:             targeted
Current mode:                   enforcing
Mode from config file:          enforcing
Policy MLS status:              enabled
Policy deny_unknown status:     allowed
Max kernel policy version:      28

Firewall status

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# firewall-cmd --list-all
public (active)
  target: default
  icmp-block-inversion: no
  interfaces: eth0
  sources:
  services: dhcpv6-client
  ports: 22/tcp
  protocols:
  masquerade: no
  forward-ports:
  source-ports:
  icmp-blocks: echo-request echo-reply timestamp-reply timestamp-request
  rich rules:

軟件源

安裝各組件需要用到的Repo

EPEL Repo
REMI Repo (依賴epel，用於安裝PHP)
MySQL
MariaDB Repo
Nginx Repo

Nginx

Nginx安裝、配置

安裝 Nginx

Nginx通過Shell腳本安裝，已包含常規的設置、優化，代碼託管在GitLab。

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# curl -fsL / wget -qO-

# if need help info, specify '-h'
wget -qO- https://gitlab.com/MaxdSre/axd-ShellScript/raw/master/assets/software/NginxWebServer.sh | sudo bash -s --

此處安裝mainline版本，故指定參數-t m，默認安裝的是stable版本。若要在防火牆中開放Web服務器端口(80)，只需在Shell腳本中指定參數-f即可。

Nginx 版本信息

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# nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.14.0

防火牆規則

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# firewall-cmd --list-all
public (active)
  target: default
  icmp-block-inversion: no
  interfaces: eth0
  sources:
  services: dhcpv6-client
  ports: 22/tcp 80/tcp 443/tcp
  protocols:
  masquerade: no
  forward-ports:
  source-ports:
  icmp-blocks: echo-request echo-reply timestamp-reply timestamp-request
  rich rules:

Nginx的Root目錄默認爲/usr/share/nginx/html/，確保owner、group都是nginx，否則可能會出現403 Forbidden。

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sudo chown -R nginx:nginx /usr/share/nginx/html/

MySQL

MySQL安裝、配置

安裝 MySQL

MySQL通過Shell腳本安裝，代碼託管在GitLab，腳本同時支持在Debian/Ubuntu/CentOS/Fedora/OpenSUSE/SLES等發行版中安裝MySQL、MariaDB、Percona。

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# curl -fsL / wget -qO-

# if need help info, specify '-h'
wget -qO- https://gitlab.com/MaxdSre/axd-ShellScript/raw/master/assets/software/MySQLVariants.sh | sudo bash -s --

此處安裝 MySQL 5.7，故在Shell腳本中指定參數-t mysql、-v 5.7。如需在防火牆中開啓端口(默認爲3306)，加上參數-f即可。

如果服務未啓動，執行如下命令啓動服務

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sudo systemctl status mysqld.service

# start service
sudo systemctl start mysqld.service

MySQL 版本信息

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# mysql --version
mysql  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.22, for Linux (x86_64) using  EditLine wrapper

用戶名、密碼保存在文件~/.my.cnf，密碼是通過自定義函數隨機生成的強密碼。

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# cat .my.cnf
[client]
user=root
password="fEf}db)coQfvV)hQ$GX@F!Pcefi!Kt{ICw<1"

[mysql]
prompt=MySQL [\d]>\_

通過命令mysql直接登入MySQL交互界面

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Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.22-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MySQL [(none)]> select version();
+------------+
| version()  |
+------------+
| 5.7.22-log |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MySQL [(none)]> select user();
+----------------+
| user()         |
+----------------+
| root@localhost |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MySQL [(none)]>

創建遠程登錄用戶

對於數據庫而言，不建議使用root賬戶進行遠程登錄操作。此處以創建用戶axdlog爲例，密碼[email protected]。

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-- 創建用戶
MySQL [(none)]> create user 'axdlog'@'%' identified by '[email protected]';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
-- 授權
MySQL [(none)]> grant all on *.* to 'axdlog'@'%';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
-- 刷新權限
MySQL [(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

MySQL [(none)]> select user,host from mysql.user where user='axdlog';
+--------+------+
| user   | host |
+--------+------+
| axdlog | %    |
+--------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MySQL [(none)]> show grants for 'axdlog'@'%'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Grants for axdlog@%: GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'axdlog'@'%'
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MySQL [(none)]>

PHP

PHP安裝、配置

配置 REMI 倉庫

初始化腳本已經安裝了epel源，如果還沒有安裝，須先安裝，可通過如下命令安裝：

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sudo yum install -y epel-release

通過如下命令安裝REMI

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sudo yum install -y http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-7.rpm

安裝完成後，目錄/etc/yum.repos.d/中出現如下若干以remi開頭的repo：remi-php54.repo、remi-php70.repo、remi-php71.repo、remi-php72.repo、remi.repo、remi-safe.repo。

其中PHP 5.5、PHP 5.6的配置信息在文件remi.repo中。

此處安裝最新版本7.2.4，故選擇啓用remi-php72.repo，將該文件中[remi-php72]中的enabled設置爲1即可。(這些文件默認是禁用的，即enabled=0)

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sudo sed -r -i '/^\[remi-php72\]$/,/^$/{/^enabled=/{[email protected]^([^=]+=).*@\[email protected];}}' /etc/yum.repos.d/remi-php72.repo

# 更新緩存
sudo yum makecache fast

# 獲取以 php72- 開頭的可用安裝包列表
yum info php72-* | awk 'match($0,/^Name[[:space:]]+:/){print gensub(/^[^:]+:[[:space:]]*(.*)$/,"\\1","g",$0)}'

安裝 PHP

PHP相關安裝包都是以php72-爲前綴(如php72-php-mysqlnd)，逐個指定太過麻煩，可通過--enablerepo參數指定目標repo來規避該問題(包名仍指定php-mysqlnd即可)。

PHP使用PHP-FPM來管理，故需安裝php-fpm，數據庫驅動使用php-mysqlnd。

安裝命令如下

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sudo yum --enablerepo=remi-php72 install -y php php-common php-devel php-fpm php-mysqlnd php-mbstring php-xml php-pecl-mcrypt php-pecl-apc php-cli php-pear php-pdo php-bcmath php-ctype php-opcache php-gd php-json

查看已安裝的模塊

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php --modules

相關配置文件路徑

/etc/php.ini
/etc/php.d/
/etc/php-fpm.conf
/etc/php-fpm.d/

配置 PHP

PHP配置文件 /etc/php.ini，進行修改

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# backup
sudo cp -p /etc/php.ini{,.bak}

修改 /etc/php.ini

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#關閉Nginx文件類型錯誤解析
cgi.fix_pathinfo=0
#設置時區
date.timezone = Asia/Singapore
#禁止顯示PHP版本信息
expose_php = Off
#支持PHP短標籤
short_open_tag = Off
#禁用的功能函數
disable_functions =

可通過如下方式進行快速修改

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funcPHPConfiguration(){
    local l_item=${1:-}
    local l_val=${2:-}
    local l_path=${3:-'/etc/php.ini'}
    [[ -f "${l_path}" && -n "${l_item}" && -n "${l_val}" ]] && sudo sed -r -i '/^;?[[:space:]]*'"${l_item}"'[[:space:]]*=/{[email protected]^;?[[:space:]]*([^=]+=).*[email protected]\1 '"${l_val}"'@g;}' "${l_path}"
}

funcPHPConfiguration 'cgi.fix_pathinfo' '0'
funcPHPConfiguration 'date.timezone' "Asia/Singapore"
funcPHPConfiguration 'expose_php' 'Off'
funcPHPConfiguration 'short_open_tag' 'Off'

disable_function_list="passthru,exec,system,chroot,scandir,chgrp,chown,shell_exec,proc_open,proc_get_status,ini_alter,ini_alter,ini_restore,dl,openlog,syslog,readlink,symlink,popepassthru,stream_socket_server,escapeshellcmd,dll,popen,disk_free_space,checkdnsrr,checkdnsrr,getservbyname,getservbyport,disk_total_space,posix_ctermid,posix_get_last_error,posix_getcwd, posix_getegid,posix_geteuid,posix_getgid, posix_getgrgid,posix_getgrnam,posix_getgroups,posix_getlogin,posix_getpgid,posix_getpgrp,posix_getpid, posix_getppid,posix_getpwnam,posix_getpwuid, posix_getrlimit, posix_getsid,posix_getuid,posix_isatty, posix_kill,posix_mkfifo,posix_setegid,posix_seteuid,posix_setgid, posix_setpgid,posix_setsid,posix_setuid,posix_strerror,posix_times,posix_ttyname,posix_uname"
funcPHPConfiguration 'disable_functions' "${disable_function_list}"

注意：Composer依賴函數proc_open、proc_get_status，需從disable_functions的列表中移除。執行如下命令即可啓用：

`1`	`sudo sed -r -i '/disable_functions[[:space:]]*=/{[email protected](proc_open\|proc_get_status),[email protected]@g;}' /etc/php.ini`

配置 PHP-FPM

通過如下命令管理PHP-FPM服務

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sudo systemctl status/start/stop/enable/disable php-fpm.service

服務啓動後，會在目錄/var/run/中生成臨時目錄/var/run/php-fpm/(Debian中生成的目錄名爲/var/run/php/)，設置socket監聽時會用到該路徑。

注意：目錄/var/lib/php/session/默認的屬主、屬組爲root，建議更改爲nginx，執行如下命令更改

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[[ -d /var/lib/php/session ]] && sudo chown -R nginx:nginx /var/lib/php/session

PHP-FPM配置文件 /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf，修改相關指令

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;listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
listen = /var/run/php-fpm/php-fpm.sock

#如果不指定爲nginx，無法正常監聽php-fpm.sock
;listen.owner = nobody
;listen.group = nobody
;listen.mode = 0660
listen.owner = nginx
listen.group = nginx
listen.mode = 0660

;user = apache
user = nginx

;group = apache
group = nginx

通過自定義函數修改

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funcPHPConfiguration(){
    local l_item=${1:-}
    local l_val=${2:-}
    local l_path=${3:-'/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf'}
    [[ -f "${l_path}" && -n "${l_item}" && -n "${l_val}" ]] && sudo sed -r -i '/^;?[[:space:]]*'"${l_item}"'[[:space:]]*=/{[email protected]^;?[[:space:]]*([^=]+=).*[email protected]\1 '"${l_val}"'@g;}' "${l_path}"
}

funcPHPConfiguration 'listen' '/var/run/php-fpm/php72-fpm.sock'
funcPHPConfiguration 'listen.owner' 'nginx'
funcPHPConfiguration 'listen.group' 'nginx'
funcPHPConfiguration 'listen.mode' '0660'
funcPHPConfiguration 'user' 'nginx'
funcPHPConfiguration 'group' 'nginx'

啓動PHP-FPM服務 (務必確認Nginx已經安裝，否則PHP-FPM無法正常啓動)。如果啓動失敗，可在日誌文件/var/log/messages查看錯誤信息。

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sudo systemctl start php-fpm
sudo systemctl enable php-fpm

PHP-FPM服務已成功啓動

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# ls /var/run/php-fpm/php72-fpm.sock
/var/run/php-fpm/php72-fpm.sock

# systemctl status php-fpm
● php-fpm.service - The PHP FastCGI Process Manager
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/php-fpm.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Thu 2018-04-12 15:04:07 EDT; 4s ago
 Main PID: 29046 (php-fpm)
   Status: "Ready to handle connections"
   CGroup: /system.slice/php-fpm.service
           ├─29046 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php-fpm.conf)
           ├─29047 php-fpm: pool www
           ├─29048 php-fpm: pool www
           ├─29049 php-fpm: pool www
           ├─29050 php-fpm: pool www
           └─29051 php-fpm: pool www

Apr 12 15:04:07 centos7 systemd[1]: Starting The PHP FastCGI Process Manager...
Apr 12 15:04:07 centos7 systemd[1]: Started The PHP FastCGI Process Manager.

配置 Nginx

Shell腳本中已配置有PHP相關指令，取消註釋即可。

打開文件 /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf，找到PHP FPM Start、PHP FPM End部分，將location部分的指令取消註釋，同時將fastcgi_pass的socket地址更改爲上文在文件/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf的路徑，即 /var/run/php-fpm/php72-fpm.sock。

可通過如下命令修改

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# socket file path
php_fpm_socket_path='/var/run/php-fpm/php72-fpm.sock'

sudo sed -r -i '/PHP FPM Start/,/PHP FPM End/{/PHP FPM/!{[email protected]# @@g}; /fastcgi_pass/{[email protected]^([^:]+:)[^\;]*(.*)[email protected]\1'"${php_fpm_socket_path}"'\[email protected];};}' /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf

最終格式如下

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# PHP FPM Start
location ~ \.php$ {
    #try_files $uri = 404;
    root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
    fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php-fpm/php72-fpm.sock;
    fastcgi_index index.php;
    fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
    include fastcgi_params;
}
# PHP FPM End

注意: $document_root默認指向/etc/nginx/html/，需在location ~ \.php$指定root路徑

使用nginx -t檢測配置文件是否有語法錯誤(需要root權限)

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# sudo nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

重要：配置修改後，務必重啓Nginx、PHP-FPM服務，否則會 出現Web服務器無法解釋執行PHP代碼，直接將目標PHP文件下載到本地 的情況。

執行如下命令重啓服務

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sudo systemctl restart nginx
sudo systemctl restart php-fpm

phpinfo()

PHP的詳細配置信息可通過函數phpinfo()查看。

通過如下命令創建文件/usr/share/nginx/html/index.php

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target_path='/usr/share/nginx/html/index.php'
sudo bash -c 'echo -e "<?php\nphpinfo();\n?>" > '${target_path}''
sudo chown nginx:nginx "${target_path}"
sudo chmod 640 "${target_path}"

通過Web瀏覽器查看

連接測試

數據庫連接

測試MySQL能否正常連接，如果是遠程連接，確保/etc/my.cnf中指令bind_address是否綁定本地地址(bind_address = 127.0.0.1)，如果是，則無法成功連接。

Local Login

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MySQL [(none)]> select user(),now();
+----------------+---------------------+
| user()         | now()               |
+----------------+---------------------+
| root@localhost | 2018-04-12 15:31:32 |
+----------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MySQL [(none)]>

Romote Login

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┌─[maxdsre@Stretch]─[~]
└──╼ $mysql -uaxdlog -p -h 104.236.100.67 -P 3306
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.7.22-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MySQL [(none)]> select user(),now();
+------------------------+---------------------+
| user()                 | now()               |
+------------------------+---------------------+
| axdlog@18.233.165.46   | 2018-04-12 15:39:05 |
+------------------------+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

MySQL [(none)]> \q
Bye

Web 服務器

在Nginx的Root目錄/usr/share/nginx/html/下創建db.php文件（確保Nginx對文件有讀權限），測試LEMP能否正常工作，包括PHP和數據庫連接。

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target_path='/usr/share/nginx/html/db.php'

sudo bash -c "cat > ${target_path}" << EOF
<?php
    # Database connection test
    try {
        \$pdo = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;port=3306','axdlog','[email protected]');
        \$pdo->exec('set names utf8');
    } catch (Exception \$e) {
        echo 'Connection Failure, Error message: '.\$e->getMessage();
    }

    \$sql = "select user,host from mysql.user";
    \$stmt = \$pdo->prepare(\$sql);
    \$stmt->execute();
    \$rows = \$stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
    echo '<pre>';
    print_r(\$rows);

    # Print PHP info
    #phpinfo();
?>
EOF

sudo chown nginx:nginx "${target_path}"
sudo chmod 640 "${target_path}"

文件內代碼如下

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<?php
    # Database connection test
    try {
        $pdo = new PDO('mysql:host=localhost;port=3306','axdlog','[email protected]');
        $pdo->exec('set names utf8');
    } catch (Exception $e) {
        echo 'Connection Failure, Error message: '.$e->getMessage();
    }

    $sql = "select user,host from mysql.user";
    $stmt = $pdo->prepare($sql);
    $stmt->execute();
    $rows = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
    echo '<pre>';
    print_r($rows);

    # Print PHP info
    #phpinfo();
?>

在瀏覽器地址欄中輸入 http://{IPADDR}(:PORT)/info.php，其中的{IPADDR}即主機IP地址

如果是本機，則可用localhost或127.0.0.1；
如果是遠程主機，則使用遠程主機的地址，如果不是80端口，則須手動指定端口；

此處遠程訪問地址爲 http://104.236.100.67/info.php

通過Shell終端連接

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┌─[[email protected]]─[~]
└──╼ $curl http://104.236.100.67/info.php
Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [user] => axdlog
            [host] => %
        )

    [1] => Array
        (
            [user] => mysql.session
            [host] => localhost
        )

    [2] => Array
        (
            [user] => mysql.sys
            [host] => localhost
        )

    [3] => Array
        (
            [user] => root
            [host] => localhost
        )

)
┌─[[email protected]]─[~]
└──╼ $

通過瀏覽器訪問

Nginx 日誌

Nginx中訪問日誌格式

"12/Apr/2018:16:11:37 -0400” remote_addr=18.233.165.46 request_method=GET request="GET /info.php HTTP/1.1” request_length=354 status=200 bytes_sent=347 body_bytes_sent=137 http_referer=”-” http_user_agent="Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:59.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/59.0” request_time=0.002 upstream_addr=unix:/var/run/php-fpm/php72-fpm.sock upstream_status=200 upstream_cache_status=- upstream_response_time=0.002 upstream_connect_time=0.000 upstream_header_time=0.002 msec=1523563897.481 pipe=.gzip_ratio=3.26

更新日誌

2016.03.11 18:18 Fri Asia/Beijing
- 初稿完成
2016.03.23 15:48 Wed Asia/Beijing
- 內容更新，相關配置參數
2016.03.30 21:56 Wed Asia/Beijing
- 添加Mounting Partitions
2016.08.19 10:41 Fri Asia/Shanghai
- 添加參數worker_rlimit_nofile
2016.12.08 14:18 Thu Asia/Shanghai
- MariaDB配置文件/etc/my.cnf參數優化
2016.12.20 23:18 Tue Asia/Shanghai
- Nginx參數配置優化
2016.12.21 11:33 Wed Asia/Shanghai
- 添加Security Optimization安全相關
2018.04.12 16:38 Thu America/Boston
- 內容更新，勘誤，遷移到新Blog

文章目錄

概要