OpenSSH是基於Secure Shell協議的安全套件，通過加密網絡流量實現網絡通信安全，主要於遠程連接。同時提供創建安全隧道(tunnel)、多重認證機制等功能。

OpenSSH由以下套件組成:

  1. 遠程操作工具: ssh, scp 和 sftp
  2. 密鑰管理工具: ssh-add, ssh-keysign, ssh-keyscan 和 ssh-keygen
  3. 服務器端工具: sshd, sftp-server 和 ssh-agent

OpenSSH Installation

OpenSSH的Client和Server在CentOS、Debian等發行版中是2個獨立的安裝包，而在OpenSUSE中，包openssh同時包含二者，只有一個安裝包。

Installing

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# CentOS/RedHat
sudo yum install openssh-clients -y
sudo yum install openssh-server -y

# Debian/Ubunut
sudo apt-get install openssh-clients -y
sudo apt-get install openssh-server -y

# OpenSUSE contain server & client side
sudo zpyyer install openssh -y

Uninstalling

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sudo systemctl stop sshd.service
sudo systemctl disable sshd.service

# CentOS/RedHat
sudo yum erase openssh-server -y

# Debian/Ubunut
sudo apt-get purge openssh-server -y
sudo apt-get autoremove -y

# OpenSUSE
sudo zypper remove -y openssh

如果配置了防火牆(firewalld/iptables/ufw/SuSEfirewall2)，需修改規則後重啓相關服務。

Configuration Files

SSH相關配置文件，可通過如下命令查看

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man ssh | sed -n '/^FILES/,/^EXIT STATUS/p' | sed '$d'

file| —|— ~/.rhosts| ~/.shosts| ~/.ssh/| ~/.ssh/authorized_keys| ~/.ssh/config| ~/.ssh/environment| ~/.ssh/identity| ~/.ssh/id_dsa| ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa| ~/.ssh/id_ed25519| ~/.ssh/id_rsa| ~/.ssh/identity.pub| ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub| ~/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub| ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub| ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub| ~/.ssh/known_hosts| ~/.ssh/rc| /etc/hosts.equiv| /etc/ssh/shosts.equiv| /etc/ssh/ssh_config| /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key| /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key| /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key| /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key| /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key| /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts| /etc/ssh/sshrc|

常用配置文件

file explanation
~/.ssh/ 登錄用戶SSH配置文件目錄
~/.ssh/id_rsa 用於遠程登錄認證的私鑰(私有)
~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub 用於遠程登錄認證的公鑰(公開)
~/.ssh/authorized_keys 遠程用戶的用於遠程登錄該主機的公鑰信息
~/.ssh/known_hosts 遠程用戶用於遠程登錄該主機的主機信息
~/.ssh/config 登錄用戶配置文件(rwx 600)
/etc/ssh/ssh_config OpenSSH客戶端配置文件
/etc/ssh/sshd_config OpenSSH服務器端配置文件

文件的讀寫權限

file attribute
~/.ssh/ 700
~/.ssh/id_ed25519 600
~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub 644
~/.ssh/known_hosts 644
~/.ssh/authorized_keys 600

注

  1. SSH默認端口號是TCP 22
  2. 目錄~/表示登錄用戶家目錄$HOME
  3. 如果文件/etc/nologin存在，則sshd拒絕任何用戶登錄(root用戶除外)；
  4. 如果遠程主機安裝了tcp-wrappers，則會生成文件/etc/hosts.allow、/etc/hosts.deny，用於訪問控制

可通過如下命令查看SSH支持的密碼算法

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ssh -Q {cipher | cipher-auth | mac | kex | key}

Configurations Optimization

參數修改的出發點是提升OpenSSH安全性，主要參考

可使用如下命令生成強密碼

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len=20

# method 1
tr -dc A-Za-z0-9_ < /dev/urandom | head -c $len | xargs

# method 2
openssl rand -base64 $len

sshd_config Optimization

文件/etc/ssh/sshd_config中各指令的說明可通過如下命令查看

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man 5 sshd_config

參數針對最新OpenSSH版本設置，不特意兼容舊版本。執行如下命令進行參數修改(不更改默認端口號22)

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# Only Use SSH Protocol 2
sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(Protocol 2)@\[email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Limit Users' SSH Access, separated by spaces
# DenyUsers > AllowUsers > DenyGroups > AllowGroups

# Log Out Timeout Interval, just work for Protocol 2
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?ClientAliveCountMax/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(ClientAliveCountMax).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a ClientAliveCountMax 0' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?ClientAliveInterval/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(ClientAliveInterval).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a ClientAliveInterval 180' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Disallow the system send TCP keepalive messages to the other side
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?TCPKeepAlive/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(TCPKeepAlive).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a TCPKeepAlive no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Don't read the user's ~/.rhosts and ~/.shosts files
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?IgnoreRhosts/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(IgnoreRhosts).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a IgnoreRhosts yes' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Use Public Key Based Authentication
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?PubkeyAuthentication/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(PubkeyAuthentication).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a PubkeyAuthentication yes' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Just Allow Public Key Authentication Login
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?AuthenticationMethods/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(AuthenticationMethods).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a AuthenticationMethods publickey' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Disable Host-Based Authentication
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?HostbasedAuthentication/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(HostbasedAuthentication).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a HostbasedAuthentication no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Disable root Login via SSH {yes,without-password,forced-commands-only,no}
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?PermitRootLogin/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(PermitRootLogin).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a PermitRootLogin no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Disable Password Authentication
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?PasswordAuthentication/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(PasswordAuthentication).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a PasswordAuthentication no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Disallow Empty Password Login
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?PermitEmptyPasswords/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(PermitEmptyPasswords).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a PermitEmptyPasswords no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Enable a Warning Banner After Login, just change /etc/motd
# Enable a Warning Banner Before Login, default none
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?Banner/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(Banner).*@\1 /etc/ssh/[email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a Banner /etc/ssh/banner' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

sed -r -n '[email protected]_NAME="(.*)"@\[email protected]' /etc/os-release | sudo tee /etc/ssh/banner

# Enable Logging Message {QUIET, FATAL, ERROR, INFO, VERBOSE, DEBUG, DEBUG1, DEBUG2, DEBUG3}
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?LogLevel/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(LogLevel).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a LogLevel VERBOSE' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Turn on privilege separation
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?UsePrivilegeSeparation/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(UsePrivilegeSeparation).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a UsePrivilegeSeparation sandbox' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Check file modes and ownership of the user's files and home directory before accepting login
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?StrictModes/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(StrictModes).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a StrictModes yes' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Ciphers Setting
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?Ciphers.*aes.*/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(Ciphers).*@\1 [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],aes256-ctr,aes192-ctr,[email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a Ciphers [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],aes256-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes128-ctr' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Supported HostKey algorithms by order of preference
sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key)[email protected]#\[email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key)[email protected]\[email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key)[email protected]\[email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ed25519_key)[email protected]\[email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Specifies the available KEX (Key Exchange) algorithms
sudo sed -i -r '/^#?KexAlgorithms/d;$a KexAlgorithms [email protected],ecdh-sha2-nistp521,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Message authentication codes (MACs) Setting
sudo sed -i -r '/^#?MACs/d;$a MACs [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-256,hmac-ripemd160,[email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

#此處禁止TCP端口、X11轉發

# Disable TCP Port forwarding {yes,no,local,remote}
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?AllowTcpForwarding/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(AllowTcpForwarding).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a AllowTcpForwarding no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

# Disable X11 forwarding
[[ ! -z $(sed -n -r '/^#?X11Forwarding/p' /etc/ssh/sshd_config) ]] && sudo sed -i -r '[email protected]^#?(X11Forwarding).*@\1 [email protected]' /etc/ssh/sshd_config || sudo sed -i -r '$a X11Forwarding no' /etc/ssh/sshd_config

ssh_config Optimization

文件~/.ssh/config中各指令的說明可通過如下命令查看

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man 5 ssh_config

執行如下命令進行參數修改

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touch ~/.ssh/config
chmod 600 ~/.ssh/config

tee ~/.ssh/config <<-EOF
# Ensure KnownHosts are unreadable if leaked - it is otherwise easier to know which hosts your keys have access to.
HashKnownHosts yes

# Host keys the client accepts - order here is honored by OpenSSH
HostKeyAlgorithms [email protected],[email protected],ssh-ed25519,ssh-rsa,[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],ecdsa-sha2-nistp521,ecdsa-sha2-nistp384,ecdsa-sha2-nistp256

KexAlgorithms [email protected],ecdh-sha2-nistp521,ecdh-sha2-nistp384,ecdh-sha2-nistp256,diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256

MACs [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],hmac-sha2-512,hmac-sha2-256,[email protected]

Ciphers [email protected],[email protected],[email protected],aes256-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes128-ctr
EOF

SSH-Kegen Keys

Generating SSH-Keygen Keys

創建SSH認證密鑰須使用ssh-keygen命令，密鑰類型建議使用RSA、ED25519，不建議使用DSA和ECDSA。需要向後兼容的(如CentOS6.8)使用RSA，不需要向後兼容的使用ED25519。

生成的密鑰默認保存$HOME/.ssh/中($HOME是用戶家目錄)，如果該目錄不存在，則會自動創建，也可通過參數-f手動指定路徑。

執行如下命令創建認證密鑰

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#　RSA
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa_$(date +%Y-%m-%d) -C "Comments"

#Ｄ25519
# This is only compatible with OpenSSH 6.5+ and fixed-size (256 bytes).
ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -f ~/.ssh/id_ed25519_$(date +%Y-%m-%d) -C "Comments"

參數解釋

option explanation
-t Specifies the type of key to create.
-b bits Specifies the number of bits in the key to create.
-f Specifies the filename of the key file.
-C comment Provides a new comment.

Installing Public Key To Remote Server

將公鑰安裝到目標主機中，之後再使用SSH遠程連接，無須輸入用戶密碼即可直接登錄，但可能會提示輸入私鑰的passphrase。

安裝方式主要2種，取決於本機是否安裝有ssh-copy-id

  1. 直接使用ssh-copy-id命令安裝
  2. 使用SSH連接，手動創建相關目錄文件

Via ssh-copy-id

語法格式

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ssh-copy-id [-n] [-i [identity_file]] [-p port] [-o ssh_option] [[email protected]]hostname

執行如下命令

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ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub -p 22 [email protected]

操作成功後，提示

Now try logging into the machine, with: “ssh ‘[email protected]’” and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

在遠程主機[email protected]中的/home/flying目錄下自動創建.ssh/authorized_keys文件，而其內容含有公鑰~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub中內容。

執行如下命令進行操作

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cat $HOME/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub | ssh -p 22 [email protected] '(umask 077; [[ -d ~/.ssh ]] || mkdir ~/.ssh; cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys)'

cat $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh -p 22 [email protected] '(umask 077; [[ -d ~/.ssh ]] || mkdir ~/.ssh; cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys)'

命令解釋 * umask 077: 指定掩碼，爲創建目錄、文件指定默認權限，目錄是(777-077=700)，文件是(666-077=600) * [[ -d ~/.ssh ]]: 測試命令，判斷目錄是否存在 * mkdir: 創建目錄 * >>: 追加輸出重定向，文件不存在則自動創建

直接使用

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ssh -p 22 [email protected]

登錄，提示輸入密鑰密碼後(假如創建密鑰時設置了密碼)，即可直接登錄，無需輸入用戶密碼。

SSH Simage Usage

使用ssh操作實例

Execute Remote Script

執行如下命令

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ssh -p 22 [email protected] 'bash /tmp/test.sh'

解釋： 通過ssh遠程連接主機192.168.0.140:22，用戶名爲flying，執行遠程主機中的腳本/tmp/test.sh

Remote Backup and Restore Compressed Files

使用tar進行歸檔操作，默認使用相對路徑，如果直接使用絕對路徑，會報如下錯誤tar: Removing leading '/' from member names。使用絕對路徑須加參數-p，但不建議，原因是使用絕對路徑，解壓時會出現問題，可能會覆蓋已經存在的文件。

此處假定遠程服務器ip爲192.168.0.140

  • 將本地目錄文件以壓縮包形式保存到遠程服務器
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cd /home/$nowUser/Documents/

# method 1
tar Jcf - node_hexo/ | ssh -p 22 [email protected] "cat > /tmp/hexo.tar.xz"

# method 2
tar Jcf - node_hexo/ | ssh -p 22 [email protected] "dd of=/tmp/hexo.tar.xz"
  • 將遠程服務器的壓縮包文件解壓到本地指定目錄(/tmp)
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# method 1
ssh -p 22 [email protected] "cat /tmp/hexo.tar.xz" | tar Jxf - -C /tmp

# method 2
ssh -p 22 [email protected] "dd if=/tmp/hexo.tar.xz" | tar Jxf - -C /tmp

注意： tar後的-不可省去，會報錯；-C表示指定解壓縮目錄路徑；dd表示格式化和複製文件

Remote Copy Database Data Cross Server

使用SSH和管道符|實現跨服務器數據複製，命令格式如下

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mysqldump -uroot -pXXX database_name | ssh [email protected] -pXXX mysql -utianyun -pXXX database_name

具體實例參看本人之前寫的博文 * MariaDB使用管道符和SSH進行跨服務器的表複製 * MariaDB使用管道符進行跨庫、跨服務器的表複製

Compare Remote and Locale File

使用SSH、管道符號|和diff命令對文件內容進行比較，此使用案例是HA Cluster中比較各節點主機間配置文件內容是否一致

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ssh node2 'cat /etc/corosync/corosync.conf' | diff - /etc/corosync/corosync.conf

使用diff命，如果內容一致，不輸出任何內容

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[[email protected] ~]$ ssh node2 'cat /etc/corosync/corosync.conf' | diff - /etc/corosync/corosync.conf
Enter passphrase for key '/home/flying/.ssh/id_rsa':

#命令執行返回0，表示成功
[[email protected] ~]$ echo $?
0
[[email protected] ~]$

以下內容不一致的操作示例

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[[email protected] ~]$ ssh node2 'cat /etc/corosync/corosync.conf' | diff - /etc/corosync/corosync.conf
Enter passphrase for key '/home/flying/.ssh/id_rsa':
5c5
<     transport: udpu1
---
>     transport: udpu

#命令執行返回1，表示失敗
[[email protected] ~]$ echo $?
1
[[email protected] ~]$

References

Bibliography

Change Logs

  • 2016.02.02 10:25 Tue Asia/Beijing
    • 初稿完成
  • 2017.02.14 16:56 Tue Asia/Shanghai
    • 內容重構
  • 2018.07.31 21:46:32 Tue Asia/Shanghai
    • 勘誤，更新，遷移到新Blog